British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 46, Issue 5 , Pages 358-366 , July 2008

Oral mucosal diseases: Mucous membrane pemphigoid

  • Crispian Scully

      Affiliations

    • University College London, Eastman Dental Institute, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK. Tel.: +44 20 7915 1038; fax: +44 20 7915 1039.
    • ,
  • Lorenzo Lo Muzio

      Affiliations

    • Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy

,Accepted 19 July 2007.

References 

  1. Beutner EH, Jordon RE, Chorzelski TP. The immunopathology of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol. 1968;51:63–80
  2. Liu HN, Su WP, Rogers RS. Clinical variants of pemphigoid. Int J Dermatol. 1986;25:17–27
  3. Chan LS, Fine JD, Briggaman RA, et al. Identification and partial characterization of a novel 105-kDalton lower lamina lucida autoantigen associated with a novel immune-mediated subepidermal blistering disease. J Invest Dermatol. 1993;101:262–267
  4. Barnadas MA, Gonzalez MJ, Planaguma M, et al. Clinical, histopathologic, and therapeutic aspects of subepidermal autoimmune bullous diseases with IgG on the floor of salt-split skin. Int J Dermatol. 2001;40:268–272
  5. Verdolini R, Cerio R. Autoimmune subepidermal bullous skin diseases: the impact of recent findings for the dermatopathologist. Virchows Arch. 2003;443:184–193
  6. Bagan J, Lo Muzio L, Scully C. Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Oral Dis. 2005;11:197–218
  7. Ahmed AR, Hombal SM. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Int J Dermatol. 1986;25:90–96
  8. Silverman S, Gorsky M, Lozada-Nur F, Liu A. Oral mucous membrane pemphigoid. A study of sixty-five patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1986;61:233–237
  9. Ahmed AR, Kurgis BS, Rogers RS. Cicatricial pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;24:987–1001
  10. Chan LS, Ahmed AR, Anhalt GJ, et al. The first international consensus on mucous membrane pemphigoid: definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenic factors, medical treatment, and prognostic indicators. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:370–379
  11. Fleming TE, Korman NJ. Cicatricial pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;43:571–591quiz 591–4
  12. Yeh SW, Ahmed B, Sami N, Razzaque Ahmed A. Blistering disorders: diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Ther. 2003;16:214–223
  13. Casiglia J, Woo SB, Ahmed AR. Oral involvement in autoimmune blistering diseases. Clin Dermatol. 2001;19:737–741
  14. Challacombe SJ, Setterfield J, Shirlaw P, Harman K, Scully C, Black MM. Immunodiagnosis of pemphigus and mucous membrane pemphigoid. Acta Odontol Scand. 2001;59:226–234
  15. Chan LS. Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Clin Dermatol. 2001;19:703–711
  16. Dabelsteen E. Molecular biological aspects of acquired bullous diseases. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1998;9:162–178
  17. Mobini N, Nagarwalla N, Ahmed AR. Oral pemphigoid. Subset of cicatricial pemphigoid?. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;85:37–43
  18. Schmidt E, Zillikens D. Autoimmune and inherited subepidermal blistering diseases: advances in the clinic and the laboratory. Adv Dermatol. 2000;16:113–157[Discussion 158]
  19. Sciubba JJ. Autoimmune aspects of pemphigus vulgaris and mucosal pemphigoid. Adv Dent Res. 1996;10:52–56
  20. Scully C, Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Puiatti P, Monteil R. Update on mucous membrane pemphigoid: a heterogeneous immune-mediated subepithelial blistering entity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88:56–68
  21. Stoopler ET, DeRossi SS, Sollecito TP. Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Update for the general practitioner. N Y State Dent J. 2003;69:28–31
  22. Zillikens D. Acquired skin disease of hemidesmosomes. J Dermatol Sci. 1999;20:134–154
  23. Balding SD, Prost C, Diaz LA, et al. Cicatricial pemphigoid autoantibodies react with multiple sites on the BP180 extracellular domain. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;106:141–146
  24. Bedane C, McMillan JR, Balding SD, et al. Bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid autoantibodies react with ultrastructurally separable epitopes on the BP180 ectodomain: evidence that BP180 spans the lamina lucida. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;108:901–907
  25. Bernard P, Prost C, Durepaire N, Basset-Seguin N, Didierjean L, Saurat JH. The major cicatricial pemphigoid antigen is a 180-kD protein that shows immunologic cross-reactivities with the bullous pemphigoid antigen. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;99:174–179
  26. Bhol KC, Dans MJ, Simmons RK, Foster CS, Giancotti FG, Ahmed AR. The autoantibodies to alpha 6 beta 4 integrin of patients affected by ocular cicatricial pemphigoid recognize predominantly epitopes within the large cytoplasmic domain of human beta 4. J Immunol. 2000;165:2824–2829
  27. Bhol KC, Goss L, Kumari S, Colon JE, Ahmed AR. Autoantibodies to human alpha6 integrin in patients with oral pemphigoid. J Dent Res. 2001;80:1711–1715
  28. Chan RY, Bhol K, Tesavibul N, et al. The role of antibody to human beta4 integrin in conjunctival basement membrane separation: possible in vitro model for ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999;40:2283–2290
  29. Kumari S, Bhol KC, Simmons RK, et al. Identification of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid antibody binding site(s) in human beta4 integrin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:379–385
  30. Leverkus M, Bhol K, Hirako Y, et al. Cicatricial pemphigoid with circulating autoantibodies to beta4 integrin, bullous pemphigoid 180 and bullous pemphigoid 230. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:998–1004
  31. Roh JY, Yee C, Lazarova Z, Hall RP, Yancey KB. The 120-kDa soluble ectodomain of type XVII collagen is recognized by autoantibodies in patients with pemphigoid and linear IgA dermatosis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:104–111
  32. Schumann H, Baetge J, Tasanen K, et al. The shed ectodomain of collagen XVII/BP180 is targeted by autoantibodies in different blistering skin diseases. Am J Pathol. 2000;156:685–695
  33. Laskaris G, Satriano RA. Drug-induced blistering oral lesions. Clin Dermatol. 1993;11:545–550
  34. Van Joost T, Van’t Veen AJ. Drug-induced cicatricial pemphigoid and acquired epidermolysis bullosa. Clin Dermatol. 1993;11:521–527
  35. Carrozzo M, Fasano ME, Broccoletti R, et al. HLA-DQB1 alleles in Italian patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid predominantly affecting the oral cavity. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:805–808
  36. Delgado JC, Turbay D, Yunis EJ, et al. A common major histocompatibility complex class II allele HLA-DQB1* 0301 is present in clinical variants of pemphigoid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:8569–8571
  37. Yunis JJ, Mobini N, Yunis EJ, et al. Common major histocompatibility complex class II markers in clinical variants of cicatricial pemphigoid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:7747–7751
  38. Setterfield J, Theron J, Vaughan RW, et al. Mucous membrane pemphigoid: HLA-DQB1*0301 is associated with all clinical sites of involvement and may be linked to antibasement membrane IgG production. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:406–414
  39. Daniels TE, Quadra-White C. Direct immunofluorescence in oral mucosal disease: a diagnostic analysis of 130 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1981;51:38–47
  40. Egan CA, Taylor TB, Meyer LJ, Petersen MJ, Zone JJ. The immunoglobulin A antibody response in clinical subsets of mucous membrane pemphigoid. Dermatology. 1999;198:330–335
  41. Laskaris G, Angelopoulos A. Cicatricial pemphigoid: direct and indirect immunofluorescent studies. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1981;51:48–54
  42. Laskaris G, Nicolis G. Immunopathology of oral mucosa in bullous pemphigoid. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980;50:340–345
  43. Manton SL, Scully C. Mucous membrane pemphigoid: an elusive diagnosis?. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1988;66:37–40
  44. Meyer JR, Migliorati CA, Daniels TE, Greenspan JS. Localization of basement membrane components in mucous membrane pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol. 1985;84:105–107
  45. Porter SR, Scully C, Midda M, Eveson JW. Adult linear immunoglobulin A disease manifesting as desquamative gingivitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;70:450–453
  46. Eversole LR. Immunopathology of oral mucosal ulcerative, desquamative, and bullous diseases. Selective review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;77:555–571
  47. Kuffer R. Bulous disease. In innovations and developments in non-invasive orofacial healthcare. In:  Porter SR,  Scully C editor. Science Reviews. Northwod; 1996;p. 109–126
  48. Domloge-Hultsch N, Gammon WR, Briggaman RA, Gil SG, Carter WG, Yancey KB. Epiligrin, the major human keratinocyte integrin ligand, is a target in both an acquired autoimmune and an inherited subepidermal blistering skin disease. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:1628–1633
  49. Kawahara Y, Zillikens D, Yancey KB, et al. Subepidermal blistering disease with autoantibodies against a novel dermal 200-kDa antigen. J Dermatol Sci. 2000;23:93–102
  50. Zillikens D, Ishiko A, Jonkman MF, et al. Autoantibodies in anti-p200 pemphigoid stain skin lacking laminin 5 and type VII collagen. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:1043–1049
  51. Ghohestani RF, Nicolas JF, Rousselle P, Claudy AL. Identification of a 168-kDa mucosal antigen in a subset of patients with cicatricial pemphigoid. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;107:136–139
  52. Rashid KA, Stern JN, Ahmed AR. Identification of an epitope within human integrin alpha 6 subunit for the binding of autoantibody and its role in basement membrane separation in oral pemphigoid. J Immunol. 2006;1(176):1968–1977
  53. Oyama N, Setterfield JF, Powell AM, et al. Bullous pemphigoid antigen II (BP180) and its soluble extracellular domains are major autoantigens in mucous membrane pemphigoid: the pathogenic relevance to HLA class II alleles and disease severity. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:90–98
  54. Egan CA, Lazarova Z, Darling TN, Yee C, Yancey KB. Anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid: clinical findings, immunopathogenesis, and significant associations. Medicine (Baltimore). 2003;82:177–186
  55. Anhalt GJ. Pemphigoid. Bullous and cicatricial. Dermatol Clin. 1990;8:701–716
  56. Dayan S, Simmons RK, Ahmed AR. Contemporary issues in the diagnosis of oral pemphigoid: a selective review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88:424–430
  57. Scully C, Cawson RA. Medical Problems in Dentistry. Oxford: Butterworths; 1998;
  58. Chan LS, Yancey KB, Hammerberg C, et al. Immune-mediated subepithelial blistering diseases of mucous membranes. Pure ocular cicatricial pemphigoid is a unique clinical and immunopathological entity distinct from bullous pemphigoid and other subsets identified by antigenic specificity of autoantibodies. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:448–455
  59. Hoang-Xuan T, Robin H, Demers PE, et al. Pure ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. A distinct immunopathologic subset of cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:355–361
  60. Shimizu H, Masunaga T, Ishiko A, et al. Autoantibodies from patients with cicatricial pemphigoid target different sites in epidermal basement membrane. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;104:370–373
  61. Tyagi S, Bhol K, Natarajan K, Livir-Rallatos C, Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid antigen: partial sequence and biochemical characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:14714–14719
  62. Alkan A, Gunhan O, Otan F. A clinical study of oral mucous membrane pemphigoid. J Int Med Res. 2003;31:340–344
  63. Gallagher G, Shklar G. Oral involvement in mucous membrane pemphigoid. Clin Dermatol. 1987;5:18–27
  64. Fine RM, Weathers DR. Desquamative gingivitis: a form of cicatricial pemphigoid?. Br J Dermatol. 1980;102:393–399
  65. Laskaris G, Sklavounou A, Stratigos J. Bullous pemphigoid, cicatricial pemphigoid, and pemphigus vulgaris. A comparative clinical survey of 278 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1982;54:656–662
  66. Scully C, Porter SR. The clinical spectrum of desquamative gingivitis. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 1997;16:308–313
  67. Stoopler ET, Sollecito TP, DeRossi SS. Desquamative gingivitis: early presenting symptom of mucocutaneous disease. Quintessence Int. 2003;34:582–586
  68. Venning VA, Frith PA, Bron AJ, Millard PR, Wojnarowska F. Mucosal involvement in bullous and cicatricial pemphigoid. A clinical and immunopathological study. Br J Dermatol. 1988;118:7–15
  69. Vaillant L, Arbeille B, Goga D, de Muret A, Prime A, Lorette G. Pemphigoide cicatricielle revelee par une gingivite desquamative superficielle. Etude clinique et immuno-electromicroscopique d’un cas. [Cicatricial pemphigoid disclosed by superficial desquamative gingivitis. Clinical and immuno-electron microscopic study of a case]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 1990;117:613–620
  70. Tricamo MB, Rees TD, Hallmon WW, Wright JM, Cueva MA, Plemons JM. Periodontal status in patients with gingival mucous membrane pemphigoid. J Periodontol. 2006;77:398–405
  71. Miziara ID, Sperandio F, Bohadana SC, Braga N, Romano FR, Miniti A. Cicatricial pemphigoid: report of five cases. Ear Nose Throat J. 2002;81:442–448
  72. Whiteside OJ, Martinez Devesa P, Ali I, Capper JW. Mucous membrane pemphigoid: nasal and laryngeal manifestations. J Laryngol Otol. 2003;117:885–888
  73. Cole WC, Leicht S, Byrd RP, Roy TM. Cicatricial pemphigoid with an upper airway lesion. Tenn Med. 2000;93:99–101
  74. Egan CA, Hanif N, Taylor TB, Meyer LJ, Petersen MJ, Zone JJ. Characterization of the antibody response in oesophageal cicatricial pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol. 1999;140:859–864
  75. Park JH, Chun HJ, Jeen YT, et al. Esophageal cicatricial pemphigoid. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55:909
  76. Sallout H, Anhalt GJ, Al-Kawas FH. Mucous membrane pemphigoid presenting with isolated esophageal involvement: a case report. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;52:429–433
  77. Ikegaya H, Kato A, Matsushima H, Takai K, Hosaka Y, Kitamura T. A case of cicatricial pemphigoid producing severe dysuria due to labial adhesion. BJU Int. 1999;83:735–736
  78. Fueston JC, Adams BB, Mutasim DF. Cicatricial pemphigoid-induced phimosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:S128–S129
  79. Lilly JP, Spivey JD, Fotos PG. Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid with advanced periodontal involvement: diagnosis and therapy. J Periodontol. 1995;66:737–741
  80. Mutasim DF, Pelc NJ, Anhalt GJ. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Dermatol Clin. 1993;11:499–510
  81. Higgins GT, Allan R, Hall R, Field EA, Kaye SB. Development of ocular disease in patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid involving the oral mucosa. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90:964–967April 13 [Epub ahead of print]
  82. Ahmed AR, Foster S, Zaltas M, et al. Association of DQw7 (DQB1*0301) with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1991;88:11579–11582
  83. Sami N, Ahmed AR. Dual diagnosis of Pemphigus and pemphigoid. Retrospective review of thirty cases in the literature. Dermatology. 2001;202:293–301
  84. Sami N, Bhol KC, Beutner EH, et al. Simultaneous presence of mucous membrane pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris: molecular characterization of both autoantibodies. Clin Immunol. 2001;100:219–227
  85. Nayar M, Wojnarowska F, Venning V, Taylor CJ. Association of autoimmunity and cicatricial pemphigoid: is there an immunogenetic basis?. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991;25:1011–1015
  86. Aractingi S, Bachmeyer C, Prost C, Caux F, Flageul B, Fermand JP. Subepidermal autoimmune bullous skin diseases associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999;78:228–235
  87. Egan CA, Lazarova Z, Darling TN, Yee C, Cote T, Yancey KB. Anti-epiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid and relative risk for cancer. Lancet. 2001;357:1850–1851
  88. Scott JE, Ahmed AR. The blistering diseases. Med Clin North Am. 1998;82:1239–1283
  89. Helander SD, Rogers RS. The sensitivity and specificity of direct immunofluorescence testing in disorders of mucous membranes. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30:65–75
  90. Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ. Pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid. Lancet. 1999;354:667–672
  91. Yancey KB, Egan CA. Pemphigoid: clinical, histologic, immunopathologic, and therapeutic considerations. JAMA. 2000;284:350–356
  92. Siegel MA, Balciunas BA. Oral presentation and management of vesiculobullous disorders. Semin Dermatol. 1994;13:78–86
  93. Siegel MA, Anhalt GJ. Direct immunofluorescence of detached gingival epithelium for diagnosis of cicatricial pemphigoid. Report of five cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993;75:296–302
  94. Mutasim DF. The accuracy of indirect immunofluorescence on sodium chloride-split skin in differentiating subepidermal bullous diseases. Arch Dermatol. 1997;133:1158–1160
  95. Lazarova Z, Yancey KB. Reactivity of autoantibodies from patients with defined subepidermal bullous diseases against 1mol/L salt-split skin. Specificity, sensitivity, and practical considerations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:398–403
  96. Kelly SE, Wojnarowska F. The use of chemically split tissue in the detection of circulating anti-basement membrane zone antibodies in bullous pemphigoid and cicatricial pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol. 1988;118:31–40
  97. Barnadas MA, Gelpi C, Curell R, de Moragas JM, Alomar A. Repeat direct immunofluorescence (DIF) test, using, 1M NaCl treated skin, in the subepidermal autoimmune bullous diseases that contain IgG at the dermal epidermal junction. J Cutan Pathol. 1999;26:37–41
  98. Gately LE, Nesbitt LT. Update on immunofluorescent testing in bullous diseases and lupus erythematosus. Dermatol Clin. 1994;12:133–142
  99. Sacher C, Hunzelmann N. Cicatricial pemphigoid (mucous membrane pemphigoid): current and emerging therapeutic approaches. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2005;6:93–103
  100. Carrozzo M, Carbone M, Broccoletti R, Garzino-Demo P, Gandolfo S. Il trattamento del pemfigoide delle membrane mucose. Descrizione ed analisi di 11 casi. [Therapeutic management of mucous membrane pemphigoid. Report of 11 cases]. Minerva Stomatol. 1997;46:553–559
  101. Lamey PJ, Rees TD, Binnie WH, Rankin KV. Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Treatment experience at two institutions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;74:50–53
  102. Lozada-Nur F, Huang MZ, Zhou GA. Open preliminary clinical trial of clobetasol propionate ointment in adhesive paste for treatment of chronic oral vesiculoerosive diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1991;71:283–287
  103. Lozada-Nur F, Miranda C, Maliksi R. Double-blind clinical trial of 0.05% clobetasol propionate (corrected from proprionate) ointment in orabase and 0.05% fluocinonide ointment in orabase in the treatment of patients with oral vesiculoerosive diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;77:598–604
  104. Lozada F, Silverman S. Topically applied fluocinonide in an adhesive base in the treatment of oral vesiculoerosive diseases. Arch Dermatol. 1980;116:898–901
  105. Vincent SD, Lilly GE, Baker KA. Clinical, historic, and therapeutic features of cicatricial pemphigoid. A literature review and open therapeutic trial with corticosteroids. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993;76:453–459
  106. Aufdemorte TB, De Villez RL, Parel SM. Modified topical steroid therapy for the treatment of oral mucous membrane pemphigoid. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;59:256–260
  107. Gonzalez-Moles MA, Ruiz-Avila I, Rodriguez-Archilla A, et al. Treatment of severe erosive gingival lesions by topical application of clobetasol propionate in custom trays. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;95:688–692
  108. Lamey PJ, Jones CM. Desquamative gingivitis treated with occlusive steroid therapy: a pilot study. Gerodontics. 1988;4:188–190
  109. Wray D, McCord JF. Labial veneers in the management of desquamative gingivitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;64:41–42
  110. Urbanek VE, Cohen L. Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid. Management of an edentulous patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1971;31:772–776
  111. Azana JM, de Misa RF, Boixeda JP, Ledo A. Topical cyclosporine for cicatricial pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;28:134–135
  112. Eisen D, Ellis CN, Voorhees JJ. Topical cyclosporine for oral bullous disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1990;23:936–937
  113. Assmann T, Becker J, Ruzicka T, Megahed M. Topical tacrolimus for oral cicatricial pemphigoid. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2004;29:674–676
  114. Chuh AA. The application of topical tacrolimus in vesicular pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol. 2004;150:622–623
  115. Gunther C, Wozel G, Meurer M, Pfeiffer C. Topical tacrolimus treatment for cicatricial pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;50:325–326
  116. Hall VC, Liesegang TJ, Kostick DA, Lookingbill DP. Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid and ocular pemphigus vulgaris treated topically with tacrolimus ointment. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139:1083–1084
  117. Letko E, Ahmed AR, Foster CS. Treatment of ocular cicatricial pemphigoid with tacrolimus (FK 506). Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;239:441–444
  118. Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for ocular cicatricial pemphigoid: a preliminary study. Ophthalmology. 1999;106:2136–2143
  119. Miserocchi E, Baltatzis S, Roque MR, Ahmed AR, Foster CS. The effect of treatment and its related side effects in patients with severe ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:111–118
  120. Sami N, Bhol KC, Razzaque Ahmed A. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with multiple mucosal involvement in mucous membrane pemphigoid. Clin Immunol. 2002;102:59–67
  121. Nayar M, Wojnarowska F. Cicatricial pemphigoid: a re-evaluation of therapy. J Dermatol Treat. 1993;4:89–93
  122. Booth SA, Moody CE, Dahl MV, Herron MJ, Nelson RD. Dapsone suppresses integrin-mediated neutrophil adherence function. J Invest Dermatol. 1992;98:135–140
  123. Ciarrocca KN, Greenberg MS. A retrospective study of the management of oral mucous membrane pemphigoid with dapsone. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88:159–163
  124. Fine JD. Management of acquired bullous skin diseases. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1475–1484
  125. Huilgol SC, Black MM. Management of the immunobullous disorders. I. Pemphigoid. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1995;20:189–201
  126. Rogers RS, Seehafer JR, Perry HO. Treatment of cicatricial (benign mucous membrane) pemphigoid with dapsone. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1982;6:215–223
  127. Matthews RW, Pinkney RC, Scully C. The management of intransigent desquamative gingivitis with Dapsone. Ann Dent. 1989;48:41–43
  128. Truhan AP, Ahmed AR. Corticosteroids: a review with emphasis on complications of prolonged systemic therapy. Ann Allergy. 1989;62:375–391
  129. Carbone M, Carrozzo M, Castellano S, Conrotto D, Broccoletti R, Gandolfo S. Systemic corticosteroid therapy of oral vesiculoerosive diseases (OVED). An open trial. Minerva Stomatol. 1998;47:479–487
  130. Lozada F. Prednisone and azathioprine in the treatment of patient with vesiculoerosive oral diseases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1981;52:257–263
  131. Foster CS. Cicatricial pemphigoid. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1986;84:527–663
  132. Brody HJ, Pirozzi DJ. Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid. Response to therapy with cyclophosphamide. Arch Dermatol. 1977;113:1598–1599
  133. Dave VK, Vickers CF. Azathioprine in the treatment of muco-cutaneous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol. 1974;90:183–186
  134. Epstein JB, Gorsky M, Epstein MS, Nantel S. Topical azathioprine in the treatment of immune-mediated chronic oral inflammatory conditions: a series of cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;91:56–61
  135. Ahmed AR, Hombal SM, Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan). A review on relevant pharmacology and clinical uses . J Am Acad Dermatol. 1984;11:1115–1126
  136. Ahmed AR, Moy R. Azathioprine. Int J Dermatol. 1981;20:461–467
  137. McCluskey P, Chang JH, Singh R, Wakefield D. Methotrexate therapy for ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmology. 2004;111:796–801
  138. Duong DJ, Moxley RT, Kellman RM, Pincus SH, Gaspari AA. Thalidomide therapy for cicatricial pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;47:S193–S195
  139. Liu V, Mackool BT. Mycophenolate in dermatology. J Dermatolog Treat. 2003;14:203–211
  140. Wozel G, Pfeiffer C. Leflunomid – ein neues Medikament zur pharmakologischen Immunmodulation. [Leflunomide—a new drug for pharmacological immunomodulation]. Hautarzt. 2002;53:309–315
  141. Rogers RS. Dapsone and sulfapyridine therapy of pemphigoid diseases. Australas J Dermatol. 1986;27:58–63
  142. Thornhill M, Pemberton M, Buchanan J, Theaker E. An open clinical trial of sulphamethoxypyridazine in the treatment of mucous membrane pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:117–126
  143. Ronbeck BA, Lind PO, Thrane PS. Desquamative gingivitis: preliminary observations with tetracycline treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1990;69:694–697
  144. Ozog DM, Gogstetter DS, Scott G, Gaspari AA. Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation in patients with pemphigus and pemphigoid. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:1133–1138
  145. Poskitt L, Wojnarowska F. Minimizing cicatricial pemphigoid orodynia with minocycline. Br J Dermatol. 1995;132:784–789
  146. Dragan L, Eng AM, Lam S, Persson T. Tetracycline and niacinamide: treatment alternatives in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Cutis. 1999;63:181–183
  147. Kreyden OP, Borradori L, Trueb RM, Burg G, Nestle FO. Erfolgreiche therapie mit tetracycline und nikotinaminsaure beim vernarbenden pemphigoid. [Successful therapy with tetracycline and nicotinamide in cicatricial pemphigoid]. Hautarzt. 2001;52:247–250
  148. Mallon E, Wojnarowska F. Cicatricial pemphigoid presenting with unusual palmar involvement, successfully treated with a combination of nicotinamide and tetracycline. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19:526–530
  149. Poskitt L, Wojnarowska F. Treatment of cicatricial pemphigoid with tetracycline and nicotinamide. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1995;20:258–259
  150. Sakamoto K, Mori K, Hashimoto T, Yancey KB, Nakashima T. Antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid of the larynx successfully treated with a combination of tetracycline and niacinamide. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128:1420–1423
  151. Ahmed AR, Colon JE. Comparison between intravenous immunoglobulin and conventional immunosuppressive therapy regimens in patients with severe oral pemphigoid: effects on disease progression in patients nonresponsive to dapsone therapy. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1181–1189
  152. Jolles S. A review of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (hdIVIg) in the treatment of the autoimmune blistering disorders. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2001;26:127–131
  153. Kumari S, Bhol KC, Rehman F, Foster CS, Ahmed AR. Interleukin 1 components in cicatricial pemphigoid. Role in intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Cytokine. 2001;14:218–224
  154. Letko E, Bhol K, Foster SC, Ahmed RA. Influence of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on serum levels of anti-beta 4 antibodies in ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. A correlation with disease activity. A preliminary study. Curr Eye Res. 2000;21:646–654
  155. Leverkus M, Georgi M, Nie Z, Hashimoto T, Brocker EB, Zillikens D. Cicatricial pemphigoid with circulating IgA and IgG autoantibodies to the central portion of the BP180 ectodomain: beneficial effect of adjuvant therapy with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:116–122
  156. Bohn J, Jonsson S, Holst R. Successful treatment of recalcitrant cicatricial pemphigoid with a combination of plasma exchange and cyclophosphamide. Br J Dermatol. 1999;141:536–540
  157. Hashimoto Y, Suga Y, Yoshiike T, Hashimoto T, Takamori K. A case of antiepiligrin cicatricial pemphigoid successfully treated by plasmapheresis. Dermatology. 2000;201:58–60
  158. Damoulis PD, Gagari E. Combined treatment of periodontal disease and benign mucous membrane pemphigoid. Case report with 8 years maintenance. J Periodontol. 2000;71:1620–1629
  159. Hanson RD, Olsen KD, Rogers RS. Upper aerodigestive tract manifestations of cicatricial pemphigoid. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1988;97:493–499
  160. Shore JW, Foster CS, Westfall CT, Rubin PA. Results of buccal mucosal grafting for patients with medically controlled ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:383–395
  161. Eschle-Meniconi ME, Ahmad SR, Foster CS. Mucous membrane pemphigoid: an update. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005;16:303–307
  162. Lorenzana ER, Rees TD, Hallmon WW. Esthetic management of multiple recession defects in a patient with cicatricial pemphigoid. J Periodontol. 2001;72:230–237

PII: S0266-4356(07)00373-7

doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.07.200

British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 46, Issue 5 , Pages 358-366 , July 2008

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution