British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 46, Issue 8 , Pages 665-670 , December 2008

Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting: the Dilemma of Donor Site Selection and Morbidity

  • Ma’amon A. Rawashdeh

      Affiliations

    • Department Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Associate Professor Jordan University of Science & Technology, Consultant Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon King Abdullah University Hospital, Coordinator of Cleft Lip & Palate Centre at King Abdullah University Hospital, Jordan
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: P.O. Box: 3795, Baghdad Street, Irbid, Post Code: 21110, Jordan. Tel.: +962 79 5551549; fax: +962 2 7305339.
  • ,
  • Hani Telfah

      Affiliations

    • Consultant Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeon, Royal Medical Services, Jordan Armed Forces, Jordan
    • Tel.: +962 79 5889844.

,Accepted 8 July 2008.

References 

  1. Bergland O, Semb G, Abyholm FE. Elimination of the residual alveolar cleft by secondary bone grafting and subsequent orthodontic treatment. Cleft Palate J. 1986;23:175–205
  2. Eppley BL, Sadove AM. Management of alveolar cleft bone grafting–state of the art. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2000;37:229–233
  3. van der Meij AW, Baart JA, Prahl-Andersen B, Kostense PJ, van der Sijp JR, Tuinzing DB. Outcome of bone grafting in relation to cleft width in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;96:19–25
  4. Albrektsson T. Repair of bone grafts. A vital microscopic and histological investigation in the rabbit. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;14:1–12
  5. Marks R. Philosophy and particulars of autogenous bone grafting. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 1993;5:599–612
  6. Boyne PJ, Sands NR. Secondary bone grafting of residual alveolar and palatal clefts. J Oral Surg. 1972;30:87–92
  7. Abyholm FE, Bergland O, Semb G. Secondary bone grafting of alveolar clefts. A surgical/orthodontic treatment enabling a non-prosthodontic rehabilitation in cleft lip and palate patients. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981;15:127–140
  8. Sadove AM, Nelson CL, Eppley BL, Nguyen B. An evaluation of calvarial and iliac donor sites in alveolar cleft grafting. Cleft Palate J. 1990;27:225–229
  9. Rawashdeh MA, Al Nimri KS. Outcome of secondary alveolar bone grafting before and after eruption of the canine in Jordanian patients with cleft lip and palate. J Craniofac Surg. 2007;18:1331–1337
  10. Witsenburg B. The reconstruction of anterior residual bone defects in patients with cleft lip, alveolus and palate. A review. J Maxillofac Surg. 1985;13:197–208
  11. Smith JD, Abramson M. Membranous vs endochondrial bone autografts. Arch Otolaryngol. 1974;99:203–205
  12. Zins JE, Whitaker LA. Membranous versus endochondral bone: implications for craniofacial reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;72:778–785
  13. Koole R. Ectomesenchymal mandibular symphysis bone graft: an improvement in alveolar cleft grafting?. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1994;31:217–223
  14. Denny AD, Talisman R, Bonawitz SC. Secondary alveolar bone grafting using milled cranial bone graft: a retrospective study of a consecutive series of 100 patients. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1999;36:144–153
  15. Enemark H, Jensen J, Bosch C. Mandibular bone graft material for reconstruction of alveolar cleft defects: long-term results. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2001;38:155–163
  16. Booij A, Raghoebar GM, Jansma J, Kalk WW, Vissink A. Morbidity of chin bone transplants used for reconstructing alveolar defects in cleft patients. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42:533–538
  17. Ozaki W, Buchman SR. Volume maintenance of onlay bone grafts in the craniofacial skeleton: micro-architecture versus embryologic origin. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:291–299
  18. Ozaki W, Buchman SR, Goldstein SA, Fyhrie DP. A comparative analysis of the microarchitecture of cortical membranous and cortical endochondral onlay bone grafts in the craniofacial skeleton. Plast Reconstr Surg's. 1999;104:139–147
  19. Rosenthal AH, Buchman SR. Volume maintenance of inlay bone grafts in the craniofacial skeleton. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112:802–811
  20. Kortebein MJ, Nelson CL, Sadove AM. Retrospective analysis of 135 secondary alveolar cleft grafts using iliac or calvarial bone. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991;49:493–498
  21. LaRossa D, Buchman S, Rothkopf DM, Mayro R, Randall P. A comparison of iliac and cranial bone in secondary grafting of alveolar clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:789–799
  22. Enemark H, Sindet-Pedersen S, Bundgaard M. Long-term results after secondary bone grafting of alveolar clefts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987;45:913–919
  23. Cohen M. Harvesting iliac bone graft: decreasing the morbidity. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2000;37:599
  24. Sindet-Pedersen S, Enemark H. Mandibular bone grafts for reconstruction of alveolar clefts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1988;46:533–537
  25. Perry CW, Lowenstein A, Rothkopf DM. Ambulatory alveolar bone grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116:736–740
  26. Canady JW, Zeitler DP, Thompson SA, Nicholas CD. Suitability of the iliac crest as a site for harvest of autogenous bone grafts. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1993;30:579–581
  27. Sindet-Pedersen S, Enemark H. Reconstruction of alveolar clefts with mandibular or iliac crest bone grafts: a comparative study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;48:554–560
  28. Bähr W, Coulon JP. Limits of the mandibular symphysis as a donor site for bone grafts in early secondary cleft palate osteoplasty. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;25:389–393
  29. Kalk WW, Raghoebar GM, Jansma J, Boering G. Morbidity from iliac crest bone harvesting. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;54:1424–1430
  30. Hardy SP, Wilke RC, Doyle JF. Advantages of percutaneous hollow needle technique for iliac bone harvest in alveolar cleft grafting. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1999;36:252–255
  31. Eufinger H, Leppänen H. Iliac crest donor site morbidity following open and closed methods of bone harvest for alveolar cleft osteoplasty. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2000;28:31–38
  32. Burchardt H. The biology of bone graft repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983 Apr;(174):28–42
  33. Horswell BB, Henderson JM. Secondary osteoplasty of the alveolar cleft defect. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61:1082–1090
  34. Ilankovan V, Stronczek M, Telfer M, Peterson LJ, Stassen LF, Ward-Booth P. A prospective study of trephined bone grafts of the tibial shaft and liac crest. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;36:434–439
  35. Dawson KH, Egbert MA, Myall RW. Pain following iliac crest bone grafting of alveolar clefts. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1996;24:151–154
  36. Joshi A, Kostakis GC. An investigation of post-operative morbidity following iliac crest graft harvesting. Br Dent J. 2004;196:167–171discussion 155
  37. Rawashdeh MA. Morbidity of iliac crest donor site following open bone harvesting in cleft lip and palate patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;37:223–227
  38. Swan MC, Goodacre TE. Morbidity at the iliac crest donor site following bone grafting of the cleft alveolus. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;44:129–133
  39. Nkenke E, Weisbach V, Winckler E, et al. Morbidity of harvesting of bone grafts from the iliac crest for preprosthetic augmentation procedures: a prospective study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;33:157–163
  40. Beirne JC, Barry HJ, Brady FA, Morris VB. Donor site morbidity of the anterior iliac crest following cancellous bone harvest. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;25:268–271
  41. Rudman RA. Prospective evaluation of morbidity associated with iliac crest harvest for alveolar cleft grafting. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1997;55:219–224
  42. McCanny CM, Roberts-Harry DP. A comparison of two different bone-harvesting techniques for secondary alveolar bone grafting in patients with cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1998;35:442–446
  43. de la Torre JI, Tenenhaus M, Gallagher PM, Sachs SA. Harvesting iliac bone graft: decreasing the morbidity. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1999;36:388–390
  44. Troxell JB, Fonseca RJ, Osbon DB. A retrospective study of alveolar cleft grafting. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1982;40:721–725
  45. Hall HD, Posnick JC. Early results of secondary bone grafts in 106 alveolar clefts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1983;41:289–294
  46. Tessier P. Autogenous bone grafts taken from the calvarium for facial and cranial applications. Clin Plast Surg. 1982;9:531–538
  47. Kline RM, Wolfe SA. Complications associated with harvesting of cranial bone grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;95:5–20
  48. Tessier P, Kawamoto H, Posnick J, Raulo Y, Tulasne JF, Wolfe SA. Complications of harvesting autogenous bone grafts: a group experience of 20,000 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;116(5 Suppl):72S–73Sdiscussion 92S-4S
  49. Jackson IT, Helden G, Marx R. Skull bone grafts in maxillofacial and craniofacial surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986;44:949–955
  50. Wolfe SA, Berkowitz S. The use of cranial bone grafts in the closure of alveolar and anterior palatal clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;72:659–671
  51. Kline RM, Wolfe SA. Complications associated with the harvesting of cranial bone grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;95:5–20
  52. Harsha BC, Turvey TA, Powers SK. Use of autogenous cranial bone grafts in maxillofacial surgery: a preliminary report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986;44:11–15
  53. Cohen M, Figueroa AA, Haviv Y, Schafer ME, Aduss H. Iliac versus cranial bone for secondary grafting of residual alveolar clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;87:423–428
  54. Frodel JL, Marentette LJ, Quatela VC, Weinstein GS. Calvarial bone graft harvest. Techniques, considerations, and morbidity. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:17–23
  55. Young VL, Schuster RH, Harris LW. Intracerebral hematoma complicating split calvarial bone-graft harvesting. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;86:763–765
  56. Fearon JA. A magnetic resonance imaging investigation of potential subclinical complications after in situ cranial bone graft harvest. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:1935–1939
  57. So LL, Lui WW. Alternative donor site for alveolar bone grafting in adults with cleft lip and palate. Angle orthod. 1996;66:9–16
  58. Kalaaji A, Lilja J, Elander A, Friede H. Tibia as donor site for alveolar bone grafting in patients with cleft lip and palate: long-term experience. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2001;35:35–42
  59. Freihofer HP, Borstlap WA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, et al. Timing and transplant materials for closure of alveolar clefts. A clinical comparison of 296 cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1993;21:143–148
  60. O’Keeffe RM, Riemer BL, Butterfield SL. Harvesting of autogenous cancellous bone graft from the proximal tibial metaphysis. A review of 230 cases. J Orthop Trauma. 1991;5:469–474
  61. Catone GA, Reimer BL, McNeir D, Ray R. Tibial autogenous cancellous bone as an alternative donor site in maxillofacial surgery: a preliminary report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992;50:1258–1263
  62. Marchena JM, Block MS, Stover JD. Tibial bone harvesting under intravenous sedation: Morbidity and patient experiences. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60:1151–1154
  63. van Damme PA, Merkx MA. A modification of the tibial bone-graft-harvesting technique. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;25:346–348
  64. Besly W, Ward Booth P. Technique for harvesting tibial cancellous bone modified for use in children. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;37:129–133
  65. Hughes CW, Revington PJ. The proximal tibia donor site in cleft alveolar bone grafting: experience of 75 consecutive cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2002;30:12–17
  66. Chen YC, Chen CH, Chen PL, Huang IY, Shen YS, Chen CM. Donor site morbidity after harvesting of proximal tibia bone. Head Neck. 2006;28:496–500
  67. Urist MR. Bone: formation by autoinduction. Science. 1965;150:893–899
  68. Wang EA, Rosen V, Cordes P, et al. Purification and characterization of other distinct bone-inducing factors. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1988;85:9484–9488
  69. Wozney JM, Rosen V, Celeste AJ, et al. Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities. Science. 1988;242:1528–1534
  70. Mayer M, Hollinger J, Ron E, Wozney J. Maxillary alveolar cleft repair in dogs using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and a polymer carrier. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;98:247–259
  71. Toriumi DM, O’Grady K, Horlbeck DM, Desai D, Turek TJ, Wozney J. Mandibular reconstruction using bone morphogenetic protein 2: long-term follow-up in a canine model. Laryngoscope. 1999;109:1481–1489
  72. Boyne PJ, Nath R, Nakamura A. Human recombinant BMP-2 in osseous reconstruction of simulated cleft palate defects. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998;36:84–90
  73. Boyne PJ. Application of bone morphogenetic proteins in the treatment of clinical oral and maxillofacial osseous defects. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2001;83-A(Suppl 1Pt 2):S146–S150
  74. Nagao H, Tachikawa N, Miki T, et al. Effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on bone formation in alveolar ridge defects in dogs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;31:66–72
  75. Schmitt JM, Hwang K, Winn SR, Hollinger JO. Bone morphogenetic proteins: an update on basic biology and clinical relevance. J Orthop Res. 1999;17:269–278
  76. Sato Y, Grayson BH, Garfinkle JS, Barillas I, Maki K, Cutting CB. Success rate of gingivoperiosteoplasty with and without secondary bone grafts compared with secondary alveolar bone grafts alone. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:1356–1359
  77. Meazzini MC, Tortora C, Morabito A, Garattini G, Brusati R. Alveolar bone formation in patients with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate after early secondary gingivoalveoloplasty: long-term results. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119:1527–1537
  78. Renkielska A, Wojtaszek-Slominska A, Dobke M. Early cleft lip repair in children with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate: a case against primary alveolar repair. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54:595–599
  79. Matic DB, Power SM. Evaluating the success of gingivoperiosteoplasty versus secondary bone grafting in patients with unilateral clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:1343–1353discussion 68-9

PII: S0266-4356(08)00408-7

doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2008.07.184

British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Volume 46, Issue 8 , Pages 665-670 , December 2008