Advertisement
Research Article| Volume 58, ISSUE 9, P1180-1186, November 2020

Maxillofacial trauma in ethnic minorities: has Brexit promoted an increase in violence and discrimination?

Published:October 08, 2020DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.061
Maxillofacial trauma in ethnic minorities: has Brexit promoted an increase in violence and discrimination?
Previous ArticleComplaints of neuropathic pain, noxious cervical plexus neuropathy and neck tightness are reported by patients who undergo neck dissection: an institutional study and narrative review
Next ArticleCryoneurotomy in the management of intractable trigeminal neuralgia

      Abstract

      The main objective of this study was to evaluate whether the 2016 Brexit referendum has contributed to an increase in maxillofacial injuries specifically targeted against ethnic minority groups in the district of North London. The secondary objectives were to identify the most common types of injuries following the assaults and the number of patients admitted to hospital. A total of 1,391 people was assaulted between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2018. They were classified into the following categories: White (62.4%), Asian (13.6%), Black/African-Caribbean (11.9%), Other (Arab) (9%) and Mixed Ethnic Group (3.2%). A shift in the proportion of ethnicities affected, rather than an increase in the overall number of injuries, was observed during the five-year period. A significant increase in assaults against individuals of Asian ethnicity (p<0.01) and against Croatians (p<0.01) was recorded between 2014 and 2018. Peaks in assaults against white non-British individuals and Romanians were also identified in 2017 (p=0.04 and p<0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the White British (p=0.02), Asian (p<0.01) ethnic groups and the Spanish, Romanian, Italian, Russian, Lithuanian, Albanian and Croatian (p<0.01) nationalities experienced a significantly disproportionate number of attacks compared to their population share in North London during this five-year period. The most common injuries were contusion, and fractures of the nasal bones and mandible at 24.2%, 17.1%, and 16.5%, respectively. A total of 415 patients (29.8%) required hospital admission for treatment and 47.6% received conservative treatment. The authors have concluded that the Brexit vote may have played an important role in increasing violence and hate crime against specific ethnic minorities.

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Register: Create an account
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Abrams D.
        • Travaglino G.A.
        Immigration, political trust, and Brexit – Testing an aversion amplification hypothesis.
        Br J Soc Psychol. 2018; 57: 310-326
        View in Article
        • Clarke H.D.
        • Goodwin M.
        • Whiteley P.
        Why Britain voted for Brexit: an individual-level analysis of the 2016 referendum vote.
        Parliament Aff. 2017; 70: 439-464
        View in Article
        • Virdee S.
        • McGeever B.F.
        Racism, Crisis, Brexit.
        Ethn Racial Stud. 2018; 41: 1802-1819
        View in Article
        • Dorling D.
        Brexit: the decision of a divided country.
        BMJ. 2016; 354: i3697
        View in Article
        • Veltri G.A.
        • Redd R.
        • Mannarini T.
        • et al.
        The identity of Brexit: A cultural psychology analysis.
        J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 2019; 29: 18-31
        View in Article
        • Rzepnikowska A.
        Racism and xenophobia experienced by Polish migrants in the UK before and after Brexit vote.
        J Ethn Migr Stud. 2019; 45: 61-77
        View in Article

      7. Travis A. Lasting rise in hate crime after EU referendum, figures show. The Guardian Available from URL: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/sep/07/hate-surged-after-eu-referendum-police-figures-show (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article

      8. Miles H. #BlackLivesMatter – A psychologically informed reflection. Available from URL: http://csi.nuff.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/CSI34_hate-crime.pdf (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article
        • Fahy N.
        • Hervey T.
        • Greer S.
        • et al.
        How will Brexit affect health and health services in the UK? Evaluating three possible scenarios.
        Lancet. 2017; 390: 2110-2118
        View in Article
        • Shapey I.M.
        • Summers A.M.
        • Simkin I.J.
        • et al.
        When politics meets science: what impact might Brexit have on organ donation and transplantation in the United Kingdom?.
        Clin Transplant. 2018; 32e13299
        View in Article

      11. Ethnicity facts and figures. Gov.UK. Available from URL: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/ethnic-groups (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article

      12. Indices of deprivation. Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government. Available from URL: https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/indices-of-deprivation (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article

      13. Ethnic groups by Borough. Office for National Statistics. Available from URL: https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/ethnic-groups-borough (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article

      14. Detailed country of birth (2011 Census), Borough. Office for National Statistics. Available from URL: https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/detailed-country-birth-2011-census-borough (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article

      15. Migration indicators. Greater London Authority. Available from URL: https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/migration-indicators (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article
        • Stephan W.S.
        • Stephan C.W.
        An integrated threat theory of discrimination.
        in: Oskamp S. Reducing prejudice and discrimination. 1st ed. Psychology Press, 2013: 23-45
        View in Article

      17. EU referendum: the result in maps and charts. BBC. Available from URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36616028 (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article

      18. Total migration to or from Scotland. National Records of Scotland. Available from URL: https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/migration/migration-statistics/migration-flows/total-migration-to-or-from-scotland (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article

      19. People living in deprived neighbourhoods. Gov.UK. Available from URL: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/demographics/people-living-in-deprived-neighbourhoods/latest (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article
        • Frost D.M.
        Hostile and harmful: structural stigma and minority stress explain increased anxiety among migrants living in the United Kingdom after the Brexit referendum.
        J Consult Clin Psychol. 2020; 88: 75-81
        View in Article

      21. Population by Nationality. London Datastore. Available from URL: https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/nationality?resource=5bd4e27c-3d20-4832-885a-b98312348ad9 (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article

      22. Booth R. Racism rising since Brexit vote, nationwide study reveals. The Guardian. Available from URL: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/20/racism-on-the-rise-since-brexit-vote-nationwide-study-reveals (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article

      23. Merrick R. Brexit: EU nurses are ‘suffering racist abuse and heading home’, a Parliamentary enquiry is told. The Independent. Available from URL: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/brexit-eu-nurses-are-suffering-racist-abuse-and-heading-home-a-parliamentary-inquiry-is-told-a7423611.html (last accessed 24 September 2020).

        View in Article
        • Iacobucci G.
        Brexit could worsen NHS staff shortages, doctors warn.
        BMJ. 2016; 353: i3604
        View in Article

      Article info

      Publication history

      Published online: October 08, 2020

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.061

      Copyright

      © 2020 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

      ScienceDirect

      Access this article on ScienceDirect

      The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.


      We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To update your cookie settings, please visit the Cookie Preference Center for this site.
      Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties.


      RELX