Abstract
Inadequate craniofacial orientation of computed tomography (CT) scans can have significant
implications in all three planes of space. The purpose of this study was to present
the reproducibility of a 3-dimensional skeletal-based method of craniofacial orientation
for virtual surgical planning. The protocol was defined by landmarks commonly used
for cephalometry, and required identification of basion, nasion, right porion, and
right orbitale, and navigation in all CT views (coronal, sagittal, and axial) for
correction of yaw, roll, and pitch. Reproducibility of the method was assessed using
eight CT scans that were randomly selected and anonymised. The observer group consisted
of six oral and maxillofacial surgeons with varying levels of experience (resident
or faculty) who performed craniofacial orientation according to the proposed method.
Results were expected to be below 2° of variation, when overall accuracy as well as
the influence of the academic level of the observers and symmetry of the evaluated
anatomy, were considered as independent variables. Overall accuracy for all cases
and for yaw, roll, and pitch were always below 2° of variation, without influence
of level of experience and symmetry. Interobserver assessment was categorised as excellent
in all instances, and intraobserver evaluation demonstrated consistency in the orientation
of all axes. The proposed craniofacial orientation protocol presented in this study
is easy to learn, applicable to computer-aided surgical planning, and can be performed
by the non-technical clinician, resulting in excellent reproducibility and consistency.
Keywords
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Article Info
Publication History
Published online: December 09, 2021
Accepted:
December 2,
2021
Received in revised form:
September 27,
2021
Received:
May 12,
2021
Identification
Copyright
© 2021 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
