Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
- Schwartz H.C.
- Wang Y.Y.
- Fan S.
- Zhang H.Q.
- et al.
- Schwartz H.C.
- Wang Y.Y.
- Fan S.
- Zhang H.Q.
- et al.
- Park S.Y.
- Hwang D.S.
- Song J.M.
- et al.
- Resnick C.M.
- Inverso G.
- Wrzosek M.
- et al.
- Schwartz H.C.
- Resnick C.M.
- Inverso G.
- Wrzosek M.
- et al.
- Schneider D.
- Kämmerer P.W.
- Hennig M.
- et al.
- Schwartz H.C.
- Steinhuber T.
- Brunold S.
- Gärtner C.
- et al.
Higgins J, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [Internet]. 6.0. Cochrane Library; 2019. Available from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.
- Hozo S.P.
- Djulbegovic B.
- Hozo I.
Material and methods
Protocol
Search strategy
Eligibility criteria
Data extraction
Higgins J, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [Internet]. 6.0. Cochrane Library; 2019. Available from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.
- Hozo S.P.
- Djulbegovic B.
- Hozo I.
Data analysis
- Schwartz H.C.
Results
Study selection
No | Author | Country | Journal | Centre | Total Patient | Age | Procedure | Design Study | Outcome parameter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VSP | TSP | Total | VSP | TSP | Primary | Secondary | |||||||
1 | Resnick et al 2016 7
Is There a Difference in Cost Between Standard and Virtual Surgical Planning for Orthognathic Surgery?. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016; 74 (Epub 2016 Apr 22 PMID: 27181623): 1827-1833https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2016.03.035 | USA | J Oral Maxillofac Surg | 1 | 20 | 23 | 43 | - | - | bimaxillary orthognathic surgery | Retrospective cohort study |
|
|
2 | Van et al 2015 13
Three-dimensional virtual planning in orthognathic surgery enhances the accuracy of soft tissue prediction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015 Jul; 43 (Epub 2015 Apr 30 PMID: 26027866): 918-925https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2015.04.006 | Belgium | Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery | 1 | 38 | 31 | 69 | 19.78 | bimaxillary orthognathic surgery | RCT |
|
| |
3 | Park et al 2021 6
Comparison of time and cost between conventional surgical planning and virtual surgical planning in orthognathic surgery in Korea. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021; 43 (PMID: 34152473; PMCID: PMC8217346): 18https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-021-00305-7 | Korea | Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | 1 | 10 | 10 | 20 | - | - | Le Fort I osteotomy + bilateral sagittal split osteotomy [LFI+BSSO] | Retrospective cohort study |
|
|
4 | Schwartz 2014 2
Does computer-aided surgical simulation improve efficiency in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery?. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014; 43 (Epub 2013 Dec 11 PMID: 24332585): 572-576https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2013.10.018 | USA | Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg | 1 | 30 | 30 | 60 | 28.3 (16–54) | 25.6 (16–49) | bimaxillary orthognathic surgery | RCT |
|
|
5 | Schneider et al 2019 8
Customized virtual surgical planning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2019; 23 (Epub 2018 Nov 15 PMID: 30443778): 3115-3122https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2732-3 | Germany | Clin Oral Investig | 1 | 9 | 12 | 21 | Average (31.1) Median (32.6, 23–52.1) | two-jaw orthognathic surgery | RCT |
|
| |
6 | Steinhuber et al 2018 9
Is Virtual Surgical Planning in Orthognathic Surgery Faster Than Conventional Planning? A Time and Workflow Analysis of an Office-Based Workflow for Single- and Double-Jaw Surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Feb; 76 (Epub 2017 Jul 25 PMID: 28826783): 397-407https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2017.07.162 | Austria | Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | 1 | 11 | 11 | 22 | 24.6 ± 7.9 | bimaxillary orthognathic surgery | Prospective cohort study |
|
| |
7 | Wrzosek et al 2016 12
Comparison of time required for traditional versus virtual orthognathic surgery treatment planning. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Sep; 45 (Epub 2016 Apr 18 PMID: 27102289): 1065-1069https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.03.012 | USA | Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | 1 | 41 | 41 | 82 | - | bimaxillary orthognathic surgery | Prospective cohort study |
|
| |
8 | Hanafy et al 2020 14
Precision of orthognathic digital plan transfer using patient-specific cutting guides and osteosynthesis versus mixed analogue-digitally planned surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Jan; 49 (Epub 2019 Jun 29 PMID: 31262680): 62-68https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.06.023 | Egypt | Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery | 1 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 21.22(19–24) | bimaxillary orthognathic surgery | Double-blind, randomized controlled clinical study |
|
|

VSP | TSP | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unique ID | Mean | SD | Total | Mean | SD | Total | |
Schwartz 2014 2
Does computer-aided surgical simulation improve efficiency in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery?. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014; 43 (Epub 2013 Dec 11 PMID: 24332585): 572-576https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2013.10.018 | Surgical | 250 | 11.2 | 30 | 250 | 11.2 | 30 |
Schwartz 2014 2
Does computer-aided surgical simulation improve efficiency in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery?. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014; 43 (Epub 2013 Dec 11 PMID: 24332585): 572-576https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2013.10.018 | Total | 805 | 134.1 | 30 | 865 | 134.1 | 30 |
Park et al 2021 6
Comparison of time and cost between conventional surgical planning and virtual surgical planning in orthognathic surgery in Korea. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021; 43 (PMID: 34152473; PMCID: PMC8217346): 18https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-021-00305-7 | Planning | 143.2 | 7.6 | 10 | 385 | 7.8 | 10 |
Resnick et al 2016 7
Is There a Difference in Cost Between Standard and Virtual Surgical Planning for Orthognathic Surgery?. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016; 74 (Epub 2016 Apr 22 PMID: 27181623): 1827-1833https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2016.03.035 | Planning - symmetric, nonsegmental (Group 1) | 188 | 17.8 | 9 | 524.4 | 86.1 | 10 |
Resnick et al 2016 7
Is There a Difference in Cost Between Standard and Virtual Surgical Planning for Orthognathic Surgery?. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016; 74 (Epub 2016 Apr 22 PMID: 27181623): 1827-1833https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2016.03.035 | Planning – asymmetric (Group 2) | 187.4 | 10.9 | 8 | 556.1 | 94.1 | 9 |
Resnick et al 2016 7
Is There a Difference in Cost Between Standard and Virtual Surgical Planning for Orthognathic Surgery?. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016; 74 (Epub 2016 Apr 22 PMID: 27181623): 1827-1833https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2016.03.035 | Planning – segmental (Group 3) | 208.8 | 13.5 | 3 | 542.3 | 118.4 | 4 |
Schneider et al 2019 8
Customized virtual surgical planning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2019; 23 (Epub 2018 Nov 15 PMID: 30443778): 3115-3122https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2732-3 | Surgical | 162 | 88.1 | 9 | 202 | 103.7 | 12 |
Steinhuber et al 2018 9
Is Virtual Surgical Planning in Orthognathic Surgery Faster Than Conventional Planning? A Time and Workflow Analysis of an Office-Based Workflow for Single- and Double-Jaw Surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Feb; 76 (Epub 2017 Jul 25 PMID: 28826783): 397-407https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2017.07.162 | Planning | 149.6 | 15.3 | 11 | 224.1 | 11.2 | 11 |
Wrzosek et al 2016 12
Comparison of time required for traditional versus virtual orthognathic surgery treatment planning. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Sep; 45 (Epub 2016 Apr 18 PMID: 27102289): 1065-1069https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.03.012 | Planning | 306 | 64.8 | 41 | 447 | 87.6 | 41 |
Van et al 2015 13
Three-dimensional virtual planning in orthognathic surgery enhances the accuracy of soft tissue prediction. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015 Jul; 43 (Epub 2015 Apr 30 PMID: 26027866): 918-925https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2015.04.006 | Planning | 38 | N/A | 31 | 20 | N/A | 35 |
Hanafy et al 2020 14
Precision of orthognathic digital plan transfer using patient-specific cutting guides and osteosynthesis versus mixed analogue-digitally planned surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Jan; 49 (Epub 2019 Jun 29 PMID: 31262680): 62-68https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.06.023 | Planning | 113 | N/A | 9 | 192 | N/A | 9 |
Hanafy et al 2020 14
Precision of orthognathic digital plan transfer using patient-specific cutting guides and osteosynthesis versus mixed analogue-digitally planned surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Jan; 49 (Epub 2019 Jun 29 PMID: 31262680): 62-68https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.06.023 | Operative | 49 | N/A | 9 | 72 | N/A | 9 |
Quality of studies

Statistical results for the planning time
- Park S.Y.
- Hwang D.S.
- Song J.M.
- et al.
- Resnick C.M.
- Inverso G.
- Wrzosek M.
- et al.
- Steinhuber T.
- Brunold S.
- Gärtner C.
- et al.
- Wrzosek M.K.
- Peacock Z.S.
- Laviv A.
- et al.
- Park S.Y.
- Hwang D.S.
- Song J.M.
- et al.
- Resnick C.M.
- Inverso G.
- Wrzosek M.
- et al.
- Steinhuber T.
- Brunold S.
- Gärtner C.
- et al.
- Wrzosek M.K.
- Peacock Z.S.
- Laviv A.
- et al.

Statistical results for the surgical time

Discussion
- Wrzosek M.K.
- Peacock Z.S.
- Laviv A.
- et al.
- Marlière D.A.
- Demétrio M.S.
- Schmitt A.R.
- et al.
- Schwartz H.C.
- Schneider D.
- Kämmerer P.W.
- Hennig M.
- et al.
Planning time
- Park S.Y.
- Hwang D.S.
- Song J.M.
- et al.
- Resnick C.M.
- Inverso G.
- Wrzosek M.
- et al.
- Wrzosek M.K.
- Peacock Z.S.
- Laviv A.
- et al.
- Park S.Y.
- Hwang D.S.
- Song J.M.
- et al.
- Resnick C.M.
- Inverso G.
- Wrzosek M.
- et al.
- Steinhuber T.
- Brunold S.
- Gärtner C.
- et al.
- Wrzosek M.K.
- Peacock Z.S.
- Laviv A.
- et al.
- Wrzosek M.K.
- Peacock Z.S.
- Laviv A.
- et al.
- Resnick C.M.
- Inverso G.
- Wrzosek M.
- et al.
- Hanafy M.
- Akoush Y.
- Abou-ElFetouh A.
- et al.
- Van Hemelen G.
- Van Genechten M.
- Renier L.
- et al.
Surgery time
- Schwartz H.C.
- Wrzosek M.K.
- Peacock Z.S.
- Laviv A.
- et al.
- Hanafy M.
- Akoush Y.
- Abou-ElFetouh A.
- et al.
- Rustemeyer J.
- Sari-Rieger A.
- Melenberg A.
- et al.
- Stokbro K.
- Aagaard E.
- Torkov P.
- et al.
Total time
- Schwartz H.C.
- Steinhuber T.
- Brunold S.
- Gärtner C.
- et al.
- Steinhuber T.
- Brunold S.
- Gärtner C.
- et al.
Limitations
Conclusion
Ethics statement/confirmation of patients’ permission
Conflict of interest
References
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- Is There a Difference in Cost Between Standard and Virtual Surgical Planning for Orthognathic Surgery?.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016; 74 (Epub 2016 Apr 22 PMID: 27181623): 1827-1833https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2016.03.035
- Customized virtual surgical planning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: a prospective randomized trial.Clin Oral Investig. 2019; 23 (Epub 2018 Nov 15 PMID: 30443778): 3115-3122https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2732-3
- Is Virtual Surgical Planning in Orthognathic Surgery Faster Than Conventional Planning? A Time and Workflow Analysis of an Office-Based Workflow for Single- and Double-Jaw Surgery.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018 Feb; 76 (Epub 2017 Jul 25 PMID: 28826783): 397-407https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2017.07.162
Higgins J, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [Internet]. 6.0. Cochrane Library; 2019. Available from: https://training.cochrane.org/handbook/archive/v6.
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- Comparison of time required for traditional versus virtual orthognathic surgery treatment planning.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016 Sep; 45 (Epub 2016 Apr 18 PMID: 27102289): 1065-1069https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2016.03.012
- Three-dimensional virtual planning in orthognathic surgery enhances the accuracy of soft tissue prediction.J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2015 Jul; 43 (Epub 2015 Apr 30 PMID: 26027866): 918-925https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcms.2015.04.006
- Precision of orthognathic digital plan transfer using patient-specific cutting guides and osteosynthesis versus mixed analogue-digitally planned surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020 Jan; 49 (Epub 2019 Jun 29 PMID: 31262680): 62-68https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.06.023
- Accuracy between virtual surgical planning and actual outcomes in orthognathic surgery by iterative closest point algorithm and color maps: A retrospective cohort study.Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2019; 24 (PMID: 30818318; PMCID: PMC6441591): e243-e253https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.22724
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- Surgical accuracy of three-dimensional virtual planning: a pilot study of bimaxillary orthognathic procedures including maxillary segmentation.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016; 45 (Epub 2015 Aug 4 PMID: 26250603): 8-18https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2015.07.010
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