Abstract
Augmented-reality (AR) head-mounted devices (HMD) allow the wearer to have digital
images superposed on to their field of vision. They are being used to superpose annotations
on to the surgical field akin to a navigation system. This review examines published
validation studies on HMD-AR systems, their reported protocols, and outcomes. The
aim was to establish commonalities and an acceptable registration outcome. Multiple
databases were systematically searched for relevant articles between January 2015
and January 2021. Studies that examined the registration of AR content using a HMD
to guide surgery were eligible for inclusion. The country of origin, year of publication,
medical specialty, HMD device, software, and method of registration, were recorded.
A meta-analysis of the mean registration error was conducted. A total of 4784 papers
were identified, of which 23 met the inclusion criteria. They included studies using
HoloLens (Microsoft) (n = 22) and nVisor ST60 (NVIS Inc) (n = 1). Sixty-six per cent
of studies were in hard tissue specialties. Eleven studies reported registration errors
using pattern markers (mean (SD) 2.6 (1.8) mm), and four reported registration errors
using surface markers (mean (SD) 3.8 (3.7) mm). Three studies reported registration
errors using manual alignment (mean (SD) 2.2 (1.3) mm). The majority of studies in
this review used in-house software with a variety of registration methods and reported
errors. The mean registration error calculated in this study can be considered as
a minimum acceptable standard. It should be taken into consideration when procedural
applications are selected.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: October 06, 2022
Accepted:
August 17,
2022
Received in revised form:
July 31,
2022
Received:
December 13,
2021
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.
